Understanding Executive Function Skills

Executive function is a term used to describe a set of mental skills that help us manage our thoughts, actions, and emotions. These skills develop gradually from birth and continue maturing into our mid-20s, with each person having their unique mix of strengths and challenges.

When executive function skills are significantly impacted — as is often the case for individuals with ADHD — every aspect of daily life can be affected, from learning and problem-solving to managing routines and completing tasks.

By understanding our children’s executive function profile, we can better support them in building routines, habits, and strategies that play to their strengths while addressing areas of difficulty.

Here is a breakdown of the key executive function skills:

Emotional Control – Managing feelings to stay on track and achieve goals.
Tip: Model calm breathing or counting to 10 before responding when you’re frustrated—kids learn best by seeing it in action.

Flexibility – Adjusting plans when things change.
Tip: Occasionally change a small plan (like dinner or a weekend activity) and talk together about new options and how to adapt.

Goal-Directed Persistence – Sticking with tasks until they’re finished.
Tip: Use a simple “before/after” rule—fun activity happens after the less exciting task is done, and celebrate the win together.

Metacognition – Reflecting on how we think, learn, and problem-solve.
Tip: At the end of the day, ask, 'What worked well today? What could we try differently tomorrow?'

Organisation – Keeping track of materials and information.
Tip: Set up a home “launch pad” spot where school bags, shoes, and homework belong, so nothing gets lost in the morning rush.

Planning & Prioritisation – Deciding what’s important and mapping out steps to get there.
Tip: On busy days, make a short “top three” list together—these are the main things to finish first.

Response Inhibition / Impulse Control – Thinking before acting, hitting “pause” on a bad idea.
Tip: Play games like “Simon Says” or “Red Light, Green Light” that require stopping and thinking before moving.

Stress Tolerance – Coping well with pressure, uncertainty, and change.
Tip: Share a simple calming strategy—like slow breathing or a comforting object—that they can use when feeling worried.

Sustained Attention – Staying focused despite distractions.
Tip: Break homework or chores into small, timed chunks with short movement breaks in between.

Task Initiation – Getting started without unnecessary delay.
Tip: Use a “just start for 5 minutes” rule—the momentum often keeps them going.

Time Management – Using time wisely and meeting deadlines.
Tip: Involve your child in setting a start time and finish time for activities, and use a clock or visual schedule to keep on track.

Working Memory – Holding and using information while completing a task.
Tip: Play memory games or ask your child to repeat back instructions before starting a task.

Developing these skills helps children and adolescents become more independent, resilient, and ready to face life’s challenges — both in and out of the classroom.

Fiona Harris
School Psychologist | Clinical Psychologist